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Anatomy and Physiology College

Grade 12

Major Theme:   Anatomy and Physiology will include a yearlong program of the study of the human body. Students will be encouraged to develop an organized way of observing, describing, and interpreting the levels of organization complexity in the human body.  Major areas covered will include medical terminology, basic chemistry, and the major systems of the body. Three essential concepts form the basis of the course: the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization and the principle of homeostasis. Through classroom lectures, discussions, and lab experiments students will have these three essential concepts demonstrated and reinforced in gaining a greater appreciation of the human body. 

 

Specific Content: Students will know

·        An Orientation of the Human Body

      -  The relationship between anatomy and physiology and their subdivisions

      -  The principle of complementarity

      -  The relationship of the different levels of structural organization;

      -  The names of the eleven organ systems and their major functions;

      -   The survival needs to maintain life;

      -   The principle of homeostasis and the relationship between homeostasis and disease;

      -    How to use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, planes and sections;

 

·        Basic Chemistry

 

             -  The four elements that form the bulk of the body matter;

            -   How matter is combined to form molecules essential for life;

            -   The three major types of chemical reactions and factors that affect chemical reaction rates;

            -    The difference between inorganic and organic compounds;

            -    The importance of water and salts in homeostasis;

            -    The role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of organic compounds;

 

·        Cells and Tissues

-   Describe the structure and function of cell organelles;

            -   Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane;

            -   Understand the role of the plasma membrane as a selective barrier;

            -   Understand the effect on the cell caused by variations in temperature, pH, electrolytes, water, and other physical changes;

  - List the phases of cell division and describe the key events in each phase;

     -      Name, classify, and describe the various types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue;

     -      The process of tissue repair;

     -      Tissue changes that occur with aging, cancer and mutations;

 

·        Integumentary  System

       -    Know the tissue types composing the dermis and epidermis and hypodermis;

       -    Name the appendages of the skin including sweat and oil glands, hair follicles;

       -     Understand the functions of the integumentary system;

       -    Describe the homeostatic imbalances and disorders of the skin;

       -    Developmental aspects of the skin and changes that occur with aging;

 

·        Bones and Skeletal System

- Know the types of bone cells and tissue;

     -  Name the major regions of the skeletal system and describe their relative functions;

   -   Compare and contrast the structure of four classes of bone;

   -   List and describe five functions of bones;

  -     Classify joints by structure and function;

   -    Compare and contrast the bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton;

  -     Compare and contrast the categories of fractures;

   -    Describe the close relation between bones and joints;

   -   Describe remodeling and repair as it relates to bone homeostasis;

  -    Describe the timing and cause of bone changes and other developmental aspects of bones throughout life;

 

·        Muscle System

 

            -  Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle cells and tissue;

            -  Know the four important functions of muscle tissue;

            -  Compare the microscopic structure and functional roles of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers;

            -  Understand the gross structure of skeletal and smooth muscle with respect to location and names of its coverings and attachments;

            -  Describe the major muscle groups and be able to explain the importance of those groups;

             - Describe the factors that are responsible for stability at joint areas;

            -  Be familiar with the changes that occur with skeletal and smooth muscle with aging

 

·        Nervous System

            -Explain the structure and function of the nervous system;

            -The types of supporting cells, tissues, and organs and their functions;

            - Compare and contrast the CNS, PNS, and ANS;

            -  Know the major regions of the brain;

            - Know the functions of the cranial nerves;

            - Describe how to perform tests for various motor and sensory nerve functions;

            - The role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis;

            - Neurological changes that occur as a result of the aging process;

 

·        Endocrine System

-  Explain the structure and function of the Endocrine System;

 - Define a hormone and describe the chemical categories of hormones;

-  Know the types of cells and tissues, and organs;

- List the major hormones produced by the major organs;

-  Understand the role of the endocrine system in homeostasis;

-  Appreciate the various changes due to aging;

 

·        Circulation , Respiration, Digestion, Excretion  and Reproduction

-Know the structure and function of these systems;

-Know the types of cells and tissues of each system;

- Know and be able to demonstrate the positions of the heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ureters, stomach, small and large intestine,

 testes, and ovaries;

-Understand the role of these systems in maintaining homeostasis;

-Understand the changes associated with the process of aging;

 

Specific Skills To Be Developed:  Students will be able to (skills progression is still under discussion)

·         Pose questions and state hypotheses based on prior scientific observations, experiments, and knowledge.

·         Distinguish between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms.

·         Either individually or as part of a student team, design and complete a scientific experiment that extends over several days or weeks.

·         Use data to analyze and support findings and to model conclusions in a lab report.

·         Communicate and defend a scientific argument.

·         Integrate basic mathematics and technology skills;

·        Develop an appreciation of the relationship of  anatomy  to the real world

·        Collaborate with fellow students and engage in small group discussion

·        Write effectively using language appropriate for the purpose and audience

·        Communicate ideas and information clearly

·        Keep an organized notebook

·        Demonstrate proper care and use of laboratory equipment

 

Materials:

·        Human Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition (Addison and Wesley )

·        See technology

 

Teaching Methods:

  • Laboratory experiments
  • Demonstrations
  • Class discussion
  • Lecture
  • Small group work
  • Review Sheets
  • Independent study

 

Integration of Technology:

  • PASCO computer interfaced sensors and probes will be used for the collection and analysis of experimental data.
  • PowerPoint and Overhead Transparencies will be used for the presentation of course material and student projects
  • Excel spreadsheets will be used for the analyzing data
  • WebQuests used for independent research and extra credit reports
  • On-line student resources: go.hrw.com, www.scilinks.org, www.si.edu/hrw, and www.cnnfyi.com

 

Integration of Writing:

·        Laboratory reports require students to analyze data and draw conclusions

·        Open-response questions on tests require students to infer, analyze, predict, and conclude on the basis of data, diagrams, and hypothetical questions.

 

Assessment & Grading:

  • Tests and quizzes consist of true/false, multiple choice, calculation, and open-response, critical thinking questions. (60% )
  • Rubrics are used to grade laboratory reports that require representing and analyzing data, performing calculations, answering critical thinking questions, and drawing conclusions. (30%)

·         Homework is assigned multiple times per week and if not assigned, students should be reading the textbook and reviewing class notes. (10%)

 

 

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